Abstract The purpose of this work is to systematize and analyze the water sanctioning regime established in Chile, based on a critical review of the reforms introduced to the Water Code by the Act 21.064 of 2018, and where appropriate, by the recent Act 21.435, of 2022. Through the first one, greater powers were granted to the General Water Directorate (Dirección General de Aguas) in matters of control and sanctions, which poses several challenges, both of a substantive and procedural nature. More than four years after its entry into force, certain results of the implementation of these rules are verified, identifying some gaps and possibilities for improvement.

Resumen El objeto de este trabajo es sistematizar y analizar el régimen sancionatorio hídrico establecido en Chile, a partir de una revisión crítica de las reformas introducidas al Código de Aguas por la Ley Nº 21.064, de 2018, y, en lo pertinente, por la Ley Nº 21.435, de 2022. Las modificaciones incorporadas por la primera norma otorgaron mayores competencias a la Dirección General de Aguas en materia de fiscalización y sanciones, lo cual plantea varios desafíos, tanto de carácter sustantivo como procedimental. A más de cuatro años de su entrada en vigencia, se constatan ciertos resultados de la implementación de estas reglas, identificándose algunas brechas y posibilidades de mejora.

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to review the amendments introduced to Law 19,880 by Law 21,180, on digital transformation of the State, which seeks to establish electronic administrative procedures as a general rule. Specifically, the concepts of electronic file and electronic notification are analyzed, giving an account of the main changes and challenges that the entry into force of each of these institutions will entail in relation to the rights and guarantees of the interested parties.

Resumen: Este trabajo tiene por objeto revisar las modificaciones introducidas a la Ley 19.880 por la Ley 21.180 de Transformación Digital del Estado, mediante la cual se busca instaurar procedimientos administrativos electrónicos como regla general. En concreto, se analizan los conceptos de expediente y notificación electrónicos, dando cuenta de los principales cambios y desafíos que conllevara la entrada en vigor de cada una de estas instituciones en lo que dice relación con los derechos y garantías de los interesados.

ABSTRACT: The present work aims to analyze, in general terms, the contractual sanctioning regime in administrative contracts in Chile, giving an account of the most relevant critical aspects. The study maintains that both the regulation of sanctions in the administrative bases and contracts, as well as their application, given its character as an unfavorable administrative act, must observe a legal regime of public law, so that a series of principles, rights and guarantees of that order, such as contradictoriness, proportionality and impugnability.

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar, en términos generales, el régimen de las sanciones contractuales en los contratos administrativos en Chile, dando cuenta de los aspectos críticos más relevantes. El estudio sostiene que tanto la regulación de las sanciones en las bases y contratos administrativos, así como su aplicación, atendido su carácter de acto administrativo desfavorable, debe observar un régimen jurídico de Derecho público, por lo que cabe aplicar una serie de principios, derechos y garantías de ese orden, como contradictoriedad, proporcionalidad, motivación e impugnabilidad.

Resumo Os governos devem desenvolver políticas públicas de emprego e renda voltadas para a qualificação profissional, inclusão produtiva e promoção do emprego formal. A Teoria do Capital Humano defende que, quanto mais uma pessoa investe em conhecimento, maiores suas chances de alcançar melhores posições no mercado de trabalho e também aumentar a renda. Nesse contexto, o objetivo de pesquisa foi analisar as políticas públicas de emprego e renda na cidade de Ponta Grossa e suas relações nos níveis de emprego formal no período de 2015 a 2017. Esta pesquisa caracterizou-se como descritiva, com abordagem de métodos mistos, e a coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e aplicação de questionários. Para análise, utilizou-se a técnica de análise do conteúdo e testes estatísticos diversos. Os resultados mostraram que quatro instituições públicas estão envolvidas com as políticas de emprego e renda da cidade, sendo elas a Agência SINE, a Sala da Qualificação, o Serviços de Obras Sociais e o Conselho Municipal do Trabalho. Os resultados da pesquisa com os trabalhadores apontaram que os pesquisados estão satisfeitos com as políticas atuais. Nas entrevistas realizadas com os representantes das empresas, ficou evidente o interesse e a satisfação com as políticas, principalmente as voltadas à qualificação profissional, mas com lacunas existentes. Por fim, apresentou-se uma agenda com algumas sugestões para aperfeiçoamento das políticas existentes.

Abstract Governments should develop public employment and income policies aimed at professional qualification, productive inclusion, and promotion of formal employment. The Human Capital Theory, originated from this thinking, defends that the more a person invests in knowledge, the greater his/her chances to reach better positions in the job market and also to increase his/her income. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the public policies of employment and income in Ponta Grossa city, Brazil, and its relations with the levels of formal employment from 2015 to 2017. This research was characterized as descriptive, with a mixed-methods approach, and the data collection took place through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. For the analysis, the technique of interpreting the content and diverse statistical tests were used. The results showed that four public institutions are involved with the employment and income policies of the city, namely the SINE agency, the Qualification Room, Social Project Services, and the Municipal Council for Work. The research results with the workers pointed out that the surveyed ones are satisfied with the current policies. In the interviews carried out with the companies’ representatives, the interest and satisfaction with the policies were evident, mainly those related to professional qualification. Lastly, was presented an agenda with some suggestions to improve the currently offered policies.

Resumen Los gobiernos deben desarrollar políticas públicas de empleo e renta dirigidas a la calificación profesional, la inclusión productiva y la promoción del empleo formal. La Teoría del Capital Humano sostiene que cuanto más invierte una persona en conocimiento, mayores son sus posibilidades de lograr mejores posiciones en el mercado laboral y también aumentar la renta. En este contexto, el objetivo de la investigación fue analizar las políticas públicas de empleo e renta en la ciudad de Ponta Grossa, Brasil, y sus relaciones en los niveles de empleo formal en el período de 2015 a 2017. Esta investigación se caracterizó como descriptiva, con enfoque de métodos mixtos, y la recopilación de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y la aplicación de cuestionarios. Para el análisis, se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido y varias pruebas estadísticas. Los resultados mostraron que cuatro instituciones públicas están involucradas con las políticas de empleo e ingresos de la ciudad, como la Agencia SINE, la Sala de Calificación, los Servicios de Obras Sociales y el Consejo Municipal de Trabajo. Los resultados de la investigación con los trabajadores señalaron que los encuestados están satisfechos con las políticas actuales. En las entrevistas con los representantes de las empresas, se evidenció el interés y la satisfacción con las políticas, especialmente aquellas enfocadas en la calificación profesional, pero con las brechas existentes. Finalmente, se presentó una agenda con algunas sugerencias para mejorar las políticas existentes.

RESUMO Objetivo Relacionar o tempo de trânsito faríngeo e a presença de resíduos com a dispneia e a função pulmonar em indivíduos com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica DPOC. Método Estudo realizado com 19 adultos (11 homens e 8 mulheres) com diagnóstico clínico e espirométrico de DPOC e idade média de 63,8 (±9,3) anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada utilizando o questionário COPD Assessment Test (CAT, Teste de Avaliação da DPOC) a escala de dispneia do Medical Research Council modificada (mMRC) e um manovacuômetro digital, para caracterizar o impacto da doença no indivíduo, a dispneia e a função pulmonar. Os dados referentes ao tempo de trânsito faríngeo e resíduo faríngeo foram coletados por meio de análise das imagens videofluoroscópicas realizada por três juízes cegados. Resultados Não foram encontradas relações significativas entre tempo de trânsito faríngeo (TTF) com função pulmonar (r = -0,71), e entre presença de resíduo faríngeo com a dispneia (r= -0,06). O TTF, quando comparado com a normalidade, apresentou-se aumentado. Conclusão Os indivíduos com DPOC, independente da gravidade da doença, não manifestaram associação entre alterações no TTF e resíduo faríngeo e dispneia e função pulmonar.

ABSTRACT Purpose To relate pharyngeal transit time and the presence of residues with dyspnea and lung function in individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD. Methods Study conducted with 19 adults (11 men, 8 women) with a clinical and spirometric diagnosis of COPD and a mean age of 63.8 years (SD = 9.3). Data collection was performed using the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) questionnaire, the modified Medical Research Council scale (mMRC) and a digital manovacuometer, to characterize the impact of the disease on the individual, dyspnea and lung function. The data related to pharyngeal transit time and pharyngeal residue were collected through the analysis of videofluoroscopic images performed by three blinded judges. Results No significant relationship was found between pharyngeal transit time (PTT) with lung function (r = -0.71), pharyngeal residue and dyspnea (r = -0.06). PTT, when compared to normality, was increased. Conclusion Individuals with COPD, regardless of the severity of the disease, showed no association between PTT and pharyngeal residue and dyspnea and lung function.

ABSTRACT: The paper analyzes the situation of the non-infringing stakeholders in the sanctioning procedures, determining the objectives and mechanisms that our legal system has for the defense and guarantee of their rights and interests. The investigation proposes that in the case of non-infringing parties, the supplementary application of article 21 of Law No. 19,880 proceeds in the sanctioning procedures after analyzing the various interests and competing rights.

RESUMEN: El trabajo analiza la situación de los interesados no infractores en los procedimientos sancionadores, determinando cuáles son los objetivos que persiguen y cuáles son los mecanismos que nuestro ordenamiento dispone para la defensa y garantía de sus derechos e intereses. La investigación plantea que tratándose de interesados no infractores la aplicación supletoria del artículo 21 de la Ley Nº 19.880 procede en los procedimientos sancionadores previo análisis de los diversos intereses y derechos concurrentes.

1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)-based ionic liquids (ILs) has exhibited a high catalytic activity in the aza-Michael reactions compared to conventional catalysts and with imidazole-based ILs. In the present work DBU-based ILs showed high catalytic potential for aza-Michael addition of aromatic amines to 2-cyclohexen-1-one under solvent-free condition. Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and density functional theory studies have been carried out to provide an effective activation mode of DBU-based ILs in aza-Michael addition. Our results show that both the presence of the acid hydrogen in the IL and the ability of the anion to carry out a hydrogen bond with the −NH2 group of the arylamine are fundamental for the reaction catalysis. The catalytic model proposed can be used for the rational development of new ILs with excellent catalytic properties.

Abstract This paper analyzes the discretionality existing in terms of administrative sanctions, realizing that the attribution of discretionary powers in the exercise of sanctioning powers is a deliberate and conscious determination of the legislator within the framework of the constitutional order. In this way, the existence of discretion in the exercise of sanctioning powers allows the Administration to direct its repressive activity in order to achieve the public purposes entrusted to it, considering the specific circumstances of the case, including its adaptation to certain policy public options.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza la discrecionalidad en materia administrativa sancionadora, dando cuenta que la atribución de potestades discrecionales en el ejercicio de poderes sancionadores es una determinación deliberada y consciente del legislador en el marco del orden constitucional. La existencia de discrecionalidad en el ejercicio de poderes sancionadores permite a la Administración orientar su actividad represiva en orden a alcanzar los fines públicos que se le han encomendado, considerando las circunstancias específicas del caso, incluyendo su adecuación a ciertas opciones de política pública.

RESUMEN Este trabajo tiene por objeto dar cuenta del origen y desarrollo de la potestad sancionadora de la Administración en Chile. La hipótesis central de esta investigación postula que su origen se encuentra en la actividad de policía que llegó a América por aplicación del derecho castellano-indiano, a partir de la cual fue evolucionando hasta su consolidación actual como una potestad más de la Administración.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this work is to account for the origin and development of the sanctioning authority of the Administration in Chile. The central hypothesis of this research postulates that its origin is found in the police activity that came to America through the application of Castilian-Indian law, from which it evolved until its current consolidation as another authority of the Administration.

Resumo A Política Nacional da Educação, dentro da perspectiva da educação inclusiva, orienta que os sistemas de ensino e aprendizagem garantam o acesso desde a educação infantil até o ensino superior/profissionalizante. A literatura da área revela a necessidade de uma maior compreensão acerca dos processos de escolarização para pessoas com TEA nas diversas etapas da vida. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar perspectivas de familiares de adultos com TEA em relação às instituições que se propõem a atenção aos autistas na vida adulta. Objetivou também identificar como foi o percurso escolar, os aspectos positivos e desafios, sob o ponto de vista de seus familiares. O método incluiu a administração de dois questionários, analisados através de estatística descritiva e da técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). Participaram do estudo 67 pais/cuidadores de adultos com TEA residentes em 14 estados brasileiros. Os resultados evidenciam exclusão vivenciada por esses adultos em seu processo de escolarização desde o período da infância/adolescência até a idade adulta. Verifica-se que a maior parte destes autistas esteve inserida somente em instituições educacionais especiais, sendo que somente oito chegaram a instituições regulares de ensino na idade adulta. As dificuldades relatadas estavam relacionadas à inserção, qualidade dos serviços e permanência nas instituições escolares. Foram apresentados como pontos positivos a ampliação da socialização e o ganho de habilidades. Por fim estes familiares apresentam suas perspectivas sobre como deveriam ser as instituições aptas a receberem a pessoa com TEA, já em idade adulta, englobando atendimentos individualizados e de forma integral.

Abstract The Educational National Policy, within the perspective of inclusive education, orients teaching and learning systems to guarantee access since preschool until high school/vocational school. The literature on the field reviews the need for a greater understanding of schooling processes for people with ASD in the different stages of life. This study has aimed to identify the perspective of families of adults with ASD regarding the institutions that offer care to autistic people during adulthood. The study has also aimed to identify the educational trajectory, its positive aspects/challenges, under the outlook of their family members. The research methodology includes the provision of two questionnaires, subsequently analyzed under descriptive statistics and Collective Subject Discourse Methodology (CSD). In total, 67 parents/caregivers of adults with ASD, residents in 14 Brazilian states, were part of the study. The results reveal the exclusion experienced by these adults in their educational trajectories, since their childhood/adolescence, until their adulthood. Moreover, it is noted that most of them have been inserted only in special education institutions, with only eight reaching regular teaching institutions within adulthood. The reported challenges were related to inclusion, service quality and permanence in the educational institutions. As for positive aspects, the expansion of socialization and the gain of new skills have been highlighted. Ultimately, these family members showed their perspectives on characteristics institutions should have, in order to be considered suitable to care for people with ASD during adulthood, comprising individual and comprehensive care.

In this work a series of 28 novel pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-7-ones were synthesized and tested against Leishmania amazonensis (strain WHOM/BR/75/JOSEFA) in promastigote and axenic amastigote forms. Five compounds were active against both cellular forms with IC50 (inhibitory concentration growth of 50%) values of 20.2, 11.7, 16.2, 29.5 and 40.3 µM for promastigote and 17.4, 25.2, 3.84, 21.8 and 22.7 µM for axenic amastigote. All compounds were studied by the Lipinski rule, cytotoxicity both in silico and in vitro to fibroblast line (L929) and macrophages (J774A1), and the most active compound showed a selectivity index of 59.9.

ABSTRACT: The ruling of the Tribunal Constitucional Rol Nº 2922-2015, that declares inapplicable the first paragraph of the article 29 from the Law Decree No. 3,538 of 1980 is studied since it lacks enough criteria to determine the penalty of a fine. The paper analyzes the need, or even the essentiality that the appealed precept grants legal standards for determining fines. It also seeks to establish whether its current structure generates a constitutional conflict.

RESUMEN: Se comenta la sentencia Rol Nº 2.922-2015, del Tribunal Constitucional, que declara inaplicable el inciso primero del artículo 29 del Decreto Ley Nº 3.538, de 1980, por carecer de criterios para determinar la sanción de multa en el caso específico. El trabajo analiza la necesidad-esencialidad de que la norma recurrida, otorgue criterios para la aplicación de multas y busca establecer si su estructura actual efectivamente configura un conflicto de constitucionalidad.

Abstract : This research aims to establish the existence of a regulatory authority sanctioning city through the issuance of local, identifying the constitutional and legal bases of it, to then pinpoint the role played by the rule of law in this scope. They will be needed which are the limits to be observed by the exercise of that power.

Resumen : La presente investigación tiene por objeto establecer la existencia de una potestad normativa sancionadora municipal a través de la emisión de ordenanzas locales, identificando las bases constitucionales y legales de la misma, para, a continuación, precisar el rol que juega el principio de legalidad en este ámbito. Asimismo, se precisarán cuáles son los límites que debe observar el ejercicio de la dicha potestad.

Abstract: This research seeks to show the scope of the principle of non bis in idem of chilean administrative law sanctioning. For this purpose, it analyzes its concept, constitutional basis and general characteristics, carrying out a review of the main complexities presented by its practical application and the solutions given by administrative jurisprudence. To conclude definitively that it has an application “ general rule” to the administrative order repressive.

Resumen: Esta investigación busca mostrar los alcances del principio del non bis in ídem del Derecho Administrativo Sancionador chileno. Para tal efecto, se analiza su concepto, fundamento constitucional y características generales, efectuando una revisión de las principales complejidades que presenta su aplicación práctica y las soluciones dadas por la jurisprudencia administrativa. Para concluir en definitiva que tiene una aplicación “por regla general” al orden administrativo represivo.

The present study describes the synthesis, assessment of the anticholinesterase activity and the inhibition type of novel cis- and trans-3-arylaminocyclohexyl N,N-dimethylcarbamates. In vitro inhibition assay by Ellman's method with human blood samples showed that carbamates were selective for butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) with compound concentration that inhibits 50% of enzyme activity (IC50) between 0.11 and 0.18 mmol L-1. cis- and trans-3-(4-Methoxyphenylamino)cyclohexyl N,N-dimethylcarbamate hydrochloride were the most active for BuChE, showing that the presence of methoxyl group enhanced the anticholinesterase activity. The enzyme kinetics studies indicate a noncompetitive inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and mixed type inhibition for BuChE. Molecular modeling studies confirm the ability of carbamates to bind both the active and peripheral sites of the BuChE.